EFFECT OF CULTIVARS AND PLANTING DATE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SUNFLOWER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36103/khnz4t18Keywords:
biological yield, Fertility %, Harvest index, Seeds per head, seed yieldAbstract
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to improve the germination and growth of the pollen tube, increase fertility rates, and enhance seed yield and its components for the sunflower crop. A field fall experiment was conducted during the 2023 and spring 2024 seasons using split-plot arrangements witm Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and four replicates. The main factor were planting dates (June 1, 10, 20, 30, and July 10 for fan, and February 18, March 1, 10, 20, and 30 for spring), while the secondary factor were three oilseed sunflower Cultivars (Aqmar, Flamme, and Sakha). The results showed that the February 18 planting date achieved the highest fertility percentage (97.04%) and seed yield (4.892 Mg ha⁻¹), July 10 recorded the highest 1000-seed weight (85.72 g), and June 1 achieved the highest biological yield (38.655 Mg ha⁻¹). Flamme outperformed in most traits, while Sakha recorded the highest harvest index (12.36%). The results indicate that genetic and environmental variability improved Cultivars productivity, recommending Flamme for planting on June 1 and February 18.
Received: 4/9/2024
Accepted: 18/12/2024
Published: 31/8/2026
References
Abdou, S. M. M., K. M. Abd El-Latif, R. M. F. Farrag, & K. M. R. Yousef. 2011. The response of sunflower yield and water relations to sowing dates and irrigation scheduling under Middle Egypt condition. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res. 2 (3): 141–151. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326711664.
Abed, S. A. 2018. Response of Four Genetic Compositions of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to Different Planting Dates. Master's thesis, Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah.pp:67 https://cab.uobasrah.edu.iq/archive/9071.
AI-Saadi, M. I. H., & I. H. H. AL-Hilfy. 2023. Controlling sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) fertility with bio-nutrition. Lop Conf. Series Earth and Environmental Science 1252: 012046. doi:10.1088/1755-1315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012046
Al-Dulaimi, M. M. A. M. 2005. Response of Sunflower Cultivars to Planting Dates and Spacing. Master's thesis, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul. pp:72 https://iqdr.iq/search?view=d0bf4cbdbecfa0e12e0e269dbcb49d30.
Al-Haidari, S. F. 2021. Estimation of Genetic Parameters in Sunflower Cultivars Under Irrigation Intervals. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad. pp: 48. https://coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq/?p=37824.
Ali, M. B., A. A. B. Asad, & M. M. Akbarian. 2013. Study the effect of varieties and planting date on sunflower production (Helianthus annuus L.). Annals of Biological Research 4 (7): 41–46. ISSN 0976–1233. https://www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com.
Al-Naemi, M. Y. K. 2018. Effect of Alga 600 Foliar Spray on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Three Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Genotypes. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit. pp: 108. https://library.alkafeel.net/dic/print/page-book/239172.
Al-Saadi, H. A. M. 2014. Effect of Planting Dates and Cultivars on Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Diyala. https://iqdr.iq/search?view=dc03445aea6e66708f7d4adbb6db1696.
Al-Saadi, M. I. H. 2023. Control of Fertilization Activation in Sunflower. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, pp:55–56. https://web.facebook.com/media.collegeofagriculture.
Al-Salem, S. H. F., M. A. K. Al-Aboudi, & S. A. M. Al-Badiri. 2014. Effect of planting dates and plant density on growth traits, yield, and its components for two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars. Thi-Qar Journal of Agricultural Research 3 (1): 43–58. https://imamhussain-lib.com/arb/wp-content/uploads/2016/03.
Al-Waeli, H. A. F. 2018. Effect of Foliar Potassium and Boron Nutrition on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University.pp:67
AL-Zaidy, M. K. A., & H. H. AL-Hilfy. 2023. Replacing part of the mineral fertilizer by using organic and biological fertilizers in the sunflower. In 4th International Conference of Modern Technologies in Agricultural Sciences, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262:032012. doi:10.1088/1755-1262/3/032012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/3/032012
Baghdadi, A., A. H. Ridzwan, A. Nasiri, I. Ahmad, & F. Aslani. 2014. Influence of plant spacing and sowing time on yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 12 (2): 688–691. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263279191.
Baldini, M., & G. P. Vannozzi. 1999. Yield relationships under drought in sunflower genotypes obtained from a wild large pot and field experiments. HEIA 22 (30): 81–96.
Basheer, H. G., A. E. Idris, & B. E. A. M. Ahmed. 2016. Impact of bio-fertilizer on growth and yield of two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids at Shambat, Sudan. Sch. J. Agric Vet Sci 3 (4): 332–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21276/sjavs.2016.3.4.12
Debata, D. K. 2024. Effect of dates of planting in sunflower. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 12 (1):132-144 ISSN 2320-2882. https://www.ijcrt.org.
Elawi, A. Y., & N. H. Zeboon. 2020. The effect of folic acid on growth traits of four sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes. Plant Archives 20 (2): 4735–4741. http://plantarchives.org/20-2/4735-4741%20(6564).pdf.
Elewi, A. Y. 2020. Response of Some Sunflower Genotypes to Foliar Spray with Folic Acid (Vitamin B9). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, pp. 80. https://jcoagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/intro/article/view/1888.
Elsahooki, M. M. 2011. Sunflower: Production and Improvement. Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad,pp: 346. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shaker-Aday/publication/330193625.
Hamd, A. H. M., and Jalal H. Hamza 2024. Sustainable approach for seed stimulating and sowing date to enhance field emergence and growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Lop Conf. Series Earth and Environmental Science 1325:012012. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1325/1/012012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1325/1/012012
Hassan, W. A. 2019. Some genetic parameters, heritability and genetic resultant as affected by genotypes and populations in sunflower. Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences 17 (1): 29–43. http://creativcommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32649/aagrs.2022.170531
Jalab, Y. K., & H. Fanoon. 2017. Effect of planting dates on yield and quality of several sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L.). Al-Muthanna Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (2): 28–32. https://search.emarefa.net/ar/detail/BIM-867348.
Martin, J. H., & W. H. Leonard. 1959. Principles of Field Crop Production. New York: The MacMillan Company. pp. 1176. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367361336.
Masoud, T. K. 2013. Role of Partial Irrigation of Rows and Organic Matter in the Water Requirement, Growth and Yield of Sunflower. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Soil Science and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad. pp. 112. https://jcoagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/intro/article/download/351/277/.
Ministry of Agriculture. 2017. Guidelines for Sunflower Cultivation. Agricultural Extension and Training Department.pp:12 https://www.facebook.com/iraqirshad/posts.
Mohamed, M. K., K. E. El-Habbak, G. M. Shams El-Din, & S. A. Shams. 1992. Evaluation of some sunflower cultivars grown under three plant densities. Annals of Agricultural Sciences Moshtohor 30 (1): 1–10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357164137.
Mosry, A. S. M., A. Awadalla, & M. Samir Salah. 2022. Performance of sunflower cv. Sakha-53 as influenced by accumulated heat units under different sowing dates and plant spacing at Aswan conditions. Scientific Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (1): 69–83. doi:10.21608/sjas.2022.107520.1170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/sjas.2022.107520.1170
Ozturk, A., P. Taksin, & S. Murat. 2017. The effect of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer form on growth, yield, and yield components in sunflower. Turk Journal 22 (1): 143–151. doi:10.17557/tjfc.312373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.312373
Paul, L. C. P., R. W. Bell, E. G. Barrett-Lennard, E. Kabir, & D. Gaydon. 2021. Opportunities and risks with early sowing of sunflower in a salt-affected coastal region of the Ganges Delta. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 41 (3): 2–13. doi:10.1007/s13593-021-00698-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-00698-9
Sadras, V. O., & F. J. Villalobos. 1993. Floral initiation, leaf initiation and leaf appearance in sunflower. Field Crops Research 33 (4): 449–457.
doi:10.1016/0378-4290(93)90165-J. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(93)90165-J
Salih, M. A. & J. H. Hamza.2003. Effect of of phosphorus and potassium Fertilizers levels on growth & yield of Sunflower 1-yield components & yield. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 34 (2): 125–132. https://www.academia.edu/114480480
Shakir, I. T. 2008. Effect of planting date and leaf removal on growth and yield of sunflower. Rafidain Journal of Agriculture 36 (2): 9–17. https://search.emarefa.net/ar/detail/BIM-289354.
Shamran, H. H., H. Abdul-Hussain, & M. Al-Mughair. 2022. The effect of planting date and potassium levels on the growth and yield of sunflower. Al-Muthanan J. for Sci. 9 (2): ISSN 2572-5149. http://dio.org/10.52113/mjas04/9.2/20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52113/mjas04/9.2/20
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mushtaq Hassan, Jalal Hamza
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
2.jpg)
